{"id":2623,"date":"2025-08-06T18:19:06","date_gmt":"2025-08-06T18:19:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jlindemann.se\/homepage\/?p=2623"},"modified":"2025-08-06T18:23:11","modified_gmt":"2025-08-06T18:23:11","slug":"8-oxygen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jlindemann.se\/homepage\/2025\/08\/06\/8-oxygen\/","title":{"rendered":"#8 Oxygen"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Carl Wilhelm Scheele<\/strong>, a relentless chemist of the 18th century, discovered Oxygen in 1771\u2014a gas that would prove essential not just for respiration, but for the fiery dance of combustion, corrosion, and the symphony of planetary chemistry. Today, it forms about <strong>20.95% of Earth\u2019s atmosphere<\/strong>, and nearly <strong>half of the Earth\u2019s crust<\/strong> as oxides, subtly omnipresent but rarely visible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83e\uddea Atomic Details<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Symbol: <strong>O<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Atomic Number: <strong>8<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Group: <strong>Other Nonmetal<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Block: <strong>p-block<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Atomic Mass: <strong>15.999 u<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Electronegativity: <strong>3.44<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Phase at STP: <strong>Gas<\/strong> (Colorless; pale blue as solid or liquid)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Paramagnetic by nature<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The electron configuration, <em>2s\u00b2 2p\u2074<\/em>, sets the stage for its reactive character\u2014it pulls electrons like a magnet and often settles into the <strong>O\u00b2\u207b<\/strong> ion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83d\udd25 Physical Chemistry<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Melting Point<\/strong>: \u2212218.79\u202f\u00b0C<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Boiling Point<\/strong>: \u2212182.96\u202f\u00b0C<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Density<\/strong>: 0.001429\u202fg\/cm\u00b3<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Specific Heat Capacity<\/strong>: 0.918\u202fJ\/(g\u00b7K)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>This stark range in sonic speeds hints at how tightly packed molecules are in each state\u2014ethereal in air, viscous in chill.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83c\udf0d Oxygen Through the Universe<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Location<\/th><th>Quantity<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Urban Soils<\/td><td>490,000 mg\/kg (ppm)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sea Water<\/td><td>8.8 \u00d7 10\u2078 \u03bcg\/l<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Crustal Rocks<\/td><td>3.7 \u00d7 10\u2075 mg\/kg (ppm)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>After hydrogen and helium, Oxygen reigns as the <strong>third most abundant element in the universe by mass<\/strong>\u2014a heavyweight in cosmic chemistry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83e\uddca Crystal Structure<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>It adopts a <strong>cubic crystal structure<\/strong>, with lattice constants:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>a = 5.403\u202f\u00c5<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>b = 3.429\u202f\u00c5<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>c = 5.086\u202f\u00c5<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Debye Temperatures:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Low temperature limit: <strong>155 K<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Room temperature: <strong>140 K<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Isotopes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Oxygen has <strong>16 known isotopes<\/strong>, ranging from the fleeting <strong>O-11<\/strong> to the stable, foundational <strong>O-16<\/strong>, <strong>O-17<\/strong>, and <strong>O-18<\/strong>.<br>The radioactive variants exhibit decays via <strong>\u03b2\u207a<\/strong>, <strong>\u03b2\u207b<\/strong>, and even <strong>2-proton<\/strong> or <strong>2-neutron<\/strong> modes\u2014a complex ballet of subatomic instability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83d\udd17 Dive Deeper<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Want even more Oxygen intel? Get Atomic &#8211; Periodic Table now:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Windows: <a href=\"https:\/\/apps.microsoft.com\/detail\/9nbt1tcw2cnt\">https:\/\/apps.microsoft.com\/detail\/9nbt1tcw2cnt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Android: <a href=\"https:\/\/play.google.com\/store\/apps\/details?id=com.jlindemann.science\">https:\/\/play.google.com\/store\/apps\/details?id=com.jlindemann.science<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Carl Wilhelm Scheele, a relentless chemist of the 18th century, discovered Oxygen in 1771\u2014a gas that would prove essential not just for respiration, but for the fiery dance of combustion, corrosion, and the symphony of planetary chemistry. Today, it forms about 20.95% of Earth\u2019s atmosphere, and nearly half of the Earth\u2019s crust as oxides, subtly [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2624,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[25],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2623","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-atomic"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jlindemann.se\/homepage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Liquid_oxygen_in_a_beaker_4-e1754504338405.jpg?fit=799%2C450&ssl=1","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/paQrWz-Gj","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":2399,"url":"https:\/\/jlindemann.se\/homepage\/2025\/04\/04\/6-carbon\/","url_meta":{"origin":2623,"position":0},"title":"#6 Carbon","author":"admin","date":"April 4, 2025","format":false,"excerpt":"\u2018Element of the Week\u2019\u00a0\u2013 Carbon: With the symbol C and atomic number 6, Carbon is a nonmetallic and tetravalent element. It makes out roughly 0.025% of the Earth's crust and has three naturally occuring isotopes! Some properties include: Atomic Weight = 12.011 (u) Density = 2.2 (g\/cm^3) Electronegativity = 2.55\u2026","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jlindemann.se\/homepage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/element_6-e1743755969419.png?fit=1013%2C585&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jlindemann.se\/homepage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/element_6-e1743755969419.png?fit=1013%2C585&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jlindemann.se\/homepage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/element_6-e1743755969419.png?fit=1013%2C585&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jlindemann.se\/homepage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/element_6-e1743755969419.png?fit=1013%2C585&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":2611,"url":"https:\/\/jlindemann.se\/homepage\/2025\/08\/04\/7-nitrogen\/","url_meta":{"origin":2623,"position":1},"title":"#7 Nitrogen","author":"admin","date":"August 4, 2025","format":false,"excerpt":"\ud83c\udf1f Element of the Week \u2013 Nitrogen \ud83c\udf1f With the symbol N and atomic number 7, Nitrogen is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless nonmetal that makes up about 78% of Earth's atmosphere. Essential for life and widely used in industry, it\u2019s a versatile element with a fascinating range of properties.\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Atomic&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Atomic","link":"https:\/\/jlindemann.se\/homepage\/category\/atomic\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jlindemann.se\/homepage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/800px-Fluessiger_Stickstoff-e1754332158784.jpg?fit=800%2C451&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jlindemann.se\/homepage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/800px-Fluessiger_Stickstoff-e1754332158784.jpg?fit=800%2C451&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jlindemann.se\/homepage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/800px-Fluessiger_Stickstoff-e1754332158784.jpg?fit=800%2C451&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jlindemann.se\/homepage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/800px-Fluessiger_Stickstoff-e1754332158784.jpg?fit=800%2C451&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":2640,"url":"https:\/\/jlindemann.se\/homepage\/2025\/08\/08\/10-neon\/","url_meta":{"origin":2623,"position":2},"title":"#10 Neon","author":"admin","date":"August 8, 2025","format":false,"excerpt":"Discovered in 1898 by William Ramsay, Neon (Ne) is the tenth element in the periodic table and a member of the noble gases. It\u2019s a colorless, odorless, and chemically inert gas that glows with a brilliant red-orange hue when electrified\u2014making it a favorite for signage and lighting. Neon was isolated\u2026","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jlindemann.se\/homepage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Neon_discharge_tube-e1754597243463.jpg?fit=1200%2C676&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jlindemann.se\/homepage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Neon_discharge_tube-e1754597243463.jpg?fit=1200%2C676&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jlindemann.se\/homepage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Neon_discharge_tube-e1754597243463.jpg?fit=1200%2C676&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jlindemann.se\/homepage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Neon_discharge_tube-e1754597243463.jpg?fit=1200%2C676&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jlindemann.se\/homepage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Neon_discharge_tube-e1754597243463.jpg?fit=1200%2C676&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":2592,"url":"https:\/\/jlindemann.se\/homepage\/2025\/08\/02\/atomic-is-now-available-on-windows\/","url_meta":{"origin":2623,"position":3},"title":"Atomic is Now Available on Windows!","author":"admin","date":"August 2, 2025","format":false,"excerpt":"I'm excited to share that Atomic \u2013 Periodic Table is now officially available for Windows! \ud83c\udf89 Whether you're studying, teaching, or just exploring the elements, Atomic brings a clean, intuitive experience to your desktop. Built with Fluent Design, it feels right at home on Windows\u2014adapting to your system theme and\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Atomic&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Atomic","link":"https:\/\/jlindemann.se\/homepage\/category\/atomic\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jlindemann.se\/homepage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/no_text_p1.png?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jlindemann.se\/homepage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/no_text_p1.png?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jlindemann.se\/homepage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/no_text_p1.png?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jlindemann.se\/homepage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/no_text_p1.png?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jlindemann.se\/homepage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/no_text_p1.png?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":2614,"url":"https:\/\/jlindemann.se\/homepage\/2025\/08\/05\/get-back-to-school-with-atomic-periodic-table\/","url_meta":{"origin":2623,"position":4},"title":"Get back to school with &#8216;Atomic &#8211; Periodic Table&#8217;","author":"admin","date":"August 5, 2025","format":false,"excerpt":"\ud83c\udf42 Back to School with Atomic \u2013 Your Ultimate Science Companion! \ud83e\uddea As the autumn leaves begin to fall and classrooms buzz back to life, it\u2019s time to gear up with the tools that make learning smarter, not harder. Meet Atomic\u2014the ad-free, open-source Periodic Table app designed to supercharge your\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;General&quot;","block_context":{"text":"General","link":"https:\/\/jlindemann.se\/homepage\/category\/general\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jlindemann.se\/homepage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Namnlos-design.png?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jlindemann.se\/homepage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Namnlos-design.png?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jlindemann.se\/homepage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Namnlos-design.png?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jlindemann.se\/homepage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Namnlos-design.png?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jlindemann.se\/homepage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Namnlos-design.png?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":2688,"url":"https:\/\/jlindemann.se\/homepage\/2026\/02\/05\/atomic-now-has-100-000-downloads\/","url_meta":{"origin":2623,"position":5},"title":"Atomic now has 100 000+ downloads","author":"Jonatan Lindemann","date":"February 5, 2026","format":false,"excerpt":"Thanks for all the support and contributions to the open-source project that 'Atomic - Periodic Table' is! 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